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Often we get caught in speculation, but Buddha teachings only aim to lead us into the path of enlightenment. This sutra illustrate this.
Thích Nhất Hạnh comments on the way the parable of the poisoned arrow illustrates Gautama Buddha's anti-metaphysical views:
The Buddha always told his disciples not to waste their time and energy in metaphysical speculation. Whenever he was asked a metaphysical question, he remained silent. Instead, he directed his disciples toward practical efforts. Questioned one day about the problem of the infinity of the world, the Buddha said, "Whether the world is finite or infinite, limited or unlimited, the problem of your liberation remains the same." Another time he said, "Suppose a man is struck by a poisoned arrow and the doctor wishes to take out the arrow immediately. Suppose the man does not want the arrow removed until he knows who shot it, his age, his parents, and why he shot it. What would happen? If he were to wait until all these questions have been answered, the man might die first." Life is so short. It must not be spent in endless metaphysical speculation that does not bring us any closer to the truth.
Sangharakshita notes that "The important thing is to get rid of the arrow, not to enquire where it came from."
The parable is considered a teaching on being practical and dealing with the situation at hand.[4][5]
Cula Malunkyovada Sutta - The Shorter Instructions to Malunkya
Translated from the Pali by Thanissaro Bhikkhu
I have heard that on one occasion the Blessed One was staying near Savatthi at Jeta's Grove, Anathapindika's monastery. Then, as Ven. Malunkyaputta was alone in seclusion, this train of thought arose in his awareness: "These positions that are undisclosed, set aside, discarded by the Blessed One -- 'The cosmos is eternal,' 'The cosmos is not eternal,' 'The cosmos is finite,' 'The cosmos is infinite,' 'The soul and the body are the same,' 'The soul is one thing and the body another,' 'After death a Tathágata exists,' 'After death a Tathágata does not exist,' 'After death a Tathágata both exists and does not exist,' 'After death a Tathágata neither exists nor does not exist' -- I don't approve, I don't accept that the Blessed One has not disclosed them to me. I'll go ask the Blessed One about this matter. If he discloses to me that 'The cosmos is eternal,' that 'The cosmos is not eternal,' that 'The cosmos is finite,' that 'The cosmos is infinite,' that 'The soul and the body are the same,' that 'The soul is one thing and the body another,' that 'After death a Tathágata exists,' that 'After death a Tathágata does not exist,' that 'After death a Tathágata both exists and does not exist,' or that 'After death a Tathágata neither exists nor does not exist,' then I will live the holy life under him. If he does not disclose to me that 'The cosmos is eternal'... or that 'After death a Tathágata neither exists nor does not exist,' then I will renounce the training and return to the lower life."
Then, when it was evening, Ven. Malunkyaputta arose from seclusion and went to the Blessed One. On arrival, having bowed down, he sat to one side. As he was sitting there he said to the Blessed One, "Lord, just now, as I was alone in seclusion, this train of thought arose in my awareness: 'these positions that are undisclosed, set aside, discarded by the Blessed One... I don't approve, I don't accept that the Blessed One has not disclosed them to me. I'll go ask the Blessed One about this matter. If he discloses to me that "The cosmos is eternal"... or that "After death a Tathágata neither exists nor does not exist," then I will live the holy life under him. If he does not disclose to me that "The cosmos is eternal"... or that "After death a Tathágata neither exists nor does not exist," then I will renounce the training and return to the lower life.'
"Lord, if the Blessed One knows that 'The cosmos is eternal,' then may he disclose to me that 'the cosmos is eternal.' If he knows that 'The cosmos is not eternal,' then may he disclose to me that 'The cosmos is not eternal.' But if he doesn't know or see whether the cosmos is eternal or not eternal, then, in one who is unknowing and unseeing, the straightforward thing is to admit, 'I don't know. I don't see.'... If he doesn't know or see whether after death a Tathágata exists... does not exist... both exists and does not exist... neither exists nor does not exist,' then, in one who is unknowing and unseeing, the straightforward thing is to admit, 'I don't know. I don't see.'"
"Malunkyaputta, did I ever say to you, 'Come, Malunkyaputta, live the holy life under me, and I will disclose to you that 'The cosmos is eternal,' or 'The cosmos is not eternal,' or 'The cosmos is finite,' or 'The cosmos is infinite,' or 'The soul and the body are the same,' or 'The soul is one thing and the body another,' or 'After death a Tathágata exists,' or 'After death a Tathágata does not exist,' or 'After death a Tathágata both exists and does not exist,' or 'After death a Tathágata neither exists nor does not exist'?"
"No, lord."
"And did you ever say to me, 'Lord, I will live the holy life under the Blessed One and [in return] he will disclose to me that 'The cosmos is eternal,' or 'The cosmos is not eternal,' or 'The cosmos is finite,' or 'The cosmos is infinite,' or 'The soul and the body are the same,' or 'The soul is one thing and the body another,' or 'After death a Tathágata exists,' or 'After death a Tathágata does not exist,' or 'After death a Tathágata both exists and does not exist,' or 'After death a Tathágata neither exists nor does not exist'?"
"No, lord."
"Then that being the case, foolish man, who are you to be claiming grievances/making demands of anyone?
"Malunkyaputta, if anyone were to say, 'I won't live the holy life under the Blessed One as long as he does not disclose to me that "The cosmos is eternal"... or that "After death a Tathágata neither exists nor does not exist,"' the man would die and those things would still remain undisclosed by the Tathágata.
"It's just as if a man were wounded with an arrow thickly smeared with poison. His friends and companions, kinsmen and relatives would provide him with a surgeon, and the man would say, 'I won't have this arrow removed until I know whether the man who wounded me was a noble warrior, a priest, a merchant, or a worker.' He would say, 'I won't have this arrow removed until I know the given name and clan name of the man who wounded me... until I know whether he was tall, medium, or short... until I know whether he was dark, ruddy-brown, or golden-colored... until I know his home village, town, or city... until I know whether the bow with which I was wounded was a long bow or a crossbow... until I know whether the bowstring with which I was wounded was fiber, bamboo threads, sinew, hemp, or bark... until I know whether the shaft with which I was wounded was wild or cultivated... until I know whether the feathers of the shaft with which I was wounded were those of a vulture, a stork, a hawk, a peacock, or another bird... until I know whether the shaft with which I was wounded was bound with the sinew of an ox, a water buffalo, a langur, or a monkey.' He would say, 'I won't have this arrow removed until I know whether the shaft with which I was wounded was that of a common arrow, a curved arrow, a barbed, a calf-toothed, or an oleander arrow.' The man would die and those things would still remain unknown to him.
"In the same way, if anyone were to say, 'I won't live the holy life under the Blessed One as long as he does not disclose to me that 'The cosmos is eternal'... or that 'After death a Tathágata neither exists nor does not exist,' the man would die and those things would still remain undisclosed by the Tathágata.
"Malunkyaputta, it's not the case that when there is the view, 'The cosmos is eternal,' there is the living of the holy life. And it's not the case that when there is the view, 'The cosmos is not eternal,' there is the living of the holy life. When there is the view, 'The cosmos is eternal,' and when there is the view, 'The cosmos is not eternal,' there is still the birth, there is the aging, there is the death, there is the sorrow, lamentation, pain, despair, and distress whose destruction I make known right in the here and now.
"It's not the case that when there is the view, 'The cosmos is finite,' there is the living of the holy life. And it's not the case that when there is the view, 'The cosmos is infinite,' there is the living of the holy life. When there is the view, 'The cosmos is finite,' and when there is the view, 'The cosmos is infinite,' there is still the birth, there is the aging, there is the death, there is the sorrow, lamentation, pain, despair, and distress whose destruction I make known right in the here and now.
"It's not the case that when there is the view, 'The soul and the body are the same,' there is the living of the holy life. And it's not the case that when there is the view, 'the soul is one thing and the body another,' there is the living of the holy life. When there is the view, 'The soul and the body are the same,' and when there is the view, 'The soul is one thing and the body another,' there is still the birth, there is the aging, there is the death, there is the sorrow, lamentation, pain, despair, and distress whose destruction I make known right in the here and now.
"It's not the case that when there is the view, 'After death a Tathágata exists,' there is the living of the holy life. And it's not the case that when there is the view, 'After death a Tathágata does not exist,' there is the living of the holy life. And it's not the case that when there is the view, 'After death a Tathágata both exists and does not exist,' there is the living of the holy life. And it's not the case that when there is the view, 'After death a Tathágata neither exists nor does not exist' there is the living of the holy life. When there is the view, 'After death a Tathágata exists'... 'After death a Tathágata does not exist'... 'After death a Tathágata both exists and does not exist'... 'After death a Tathágata neither exists nor does not exist,' there is still the birth, there is the aging, there is the death, there is the sorrow, lamentation, pain, despair, and distress whose destruction I make known right in the here and now.
"So, Malunkyaputta, remember what is undisclosed by me as undisclosed, and what is disclosed by me as disclosed. And what is undisclosed by me? 'The cosmos is eternal,' is undisclosed by me. 'The cosmos is not eternal,' is undisclosed by me. 'The cosmos is finite'... 'The cosmos is infinite'... 'The soul and the body are the same'... 'The soul is one thing and the body another'... 'After death a Tathágata exists'... 'After death a Tathágata does not exist'... 'After death a Tathágata both exists and does not exist'... 'After death a Tathágata neither exists nor does not exist,' is undisclosed by me.
"And why are they undisclosed by me? Because they are not connected with the goal, are not fundamental to the holy life. They do not lead to disenchantment, dispassion, cessation, calming, direct knowledge, self-awakening, Unbinding. That's why they are undisclosed by me.
"And what is disclosed by me? 'This is stress,' is disclosed by me. 'This is the origination of stress,' is disclosed by me. 'This is the cessation of stress,' is disclosed by me. 'This is the path of practice leading to the cessation of stress,' is disclosed by me. And why are they disclosed by me? Because they are connected with the goal, are fundamental to the holy life. They lead to disenchantment, dispassion, cessation, calming, direct knowledge, self-awakening, Unbinding. That's why they are disclosed by me.
"So, Malunkyaputta, remember what is undisclosed by me as undisclosed, and what is disclosed by me as disclosed."
That is what the Blessed One said. Gratified, Ven. Malunkyaputta delighted in the Blessed One's words.
Source: https://www.dhammatalks.org/suttas/MN/MN63.html
Cūḷa Māluṅkya Sutta — Le petit récit de Mâlunkya
Traduction du Pali par Christian Maës
Ainsi ai-je entendu.
En ce temps-là le Seigneur séjournait près de Sâvatthi, dans le bois de Jéta, au jardin d’Anâthapiṇḍika.
Or le vénérable Mâlunkyâputta qui s’était retiré dans la solitude se mit à réfléchir ainsi :
—Il y a des opinions que le Seigneur n’explique pas, qu’il laisse de côté, qu’il repousse : “le monde est éternel” et “le monde est temporaire”, “le monde est fini” et “le monde est infini”, “le principe vital” ) et le corps sont identiques” et “le principe vital et le corps sont distincts”, “le Tathâgata existe encore après la mort”, “le Tathâgata n’existe plus après la mort”, “le Tathâgata à la fois existe et n’existe pas après la mort” et “le Tathâgata ni n’existe ni n’existe pas après la mort”. Le Seigneur ne m’explique pas ces opinions, et cela ne me plaît pas qu’il ne me les explique pas, cela ne me satisfait pas. Je vais donc aller trouver le Seigneur pour lui demander ce qu’il en est.
Si le Seigneur m’explique que le monde est éternel ou qu’il est temporaire, qu’il est fini ou qu’il est infini, que le principe vital et le corps sont identiques ou qu’ils sont distincts, qu’après la mort le Tathâgata existe encore, qu’il n’existe plus, qu’il existe et n’existe pas, ou ni qu’il existe ni qu’il n’existe pas, dans ce cas je continuerai à mener la vie sainte auprès du Seigneur.
Mais si le Seigneur ne m’explique rien de tout ça, j’abandonnerai l’entraînement et retournerai à la vie inférieure des laïcs.
Le vénérable Mâlunkyâputta sortit vers le soir de sa retraite et rendit visite au Seigneur. Il le salua et s’assit convenablement. Une fois bien assis, le vénérable Mâlunkyâputta raconta au Seigneur :
—J’étais retiré dans la solitude, Seigneur, quand je me mis à réfléchir comme suit : “Il y a ces opinions que le Seigneur n’explique pas… Si le Seigneur m’explique ceci ou cela, je continuerai à mener la vie sainte auprès du Seigneur. Mais s’il ne me répond pas, j’abandonnerai l’entraînement et retournerai à la vie inférieure des laïcs.
Si le Seigneur sait que le monde est éternel, qu’il m’explique que le monde est éternel. Si le Seigneur sait que le monde est temporaire, qu’il m’explique que le monde est temporaire. Mais si le Seigneur ne sait pas si le monde est éternel ou temporaire, puisqu’il ne le sait pas et ne le voit pas, il devrait dire honnêtement qu’il ne le sait pas et ne le voit pas.
Si le Seigneur sait que le monde est fini…
Si le Seigneur sait que le principe vital et le corps sont identiques…
Si le Seigneur sait que le Tathâgata existe encore après la mort… »
—T’ai-je jamais dit : “ Viens, Mâlunkyâputta, vis la vie sainte auprès de moi et je t’expliquerai si le monde est éternel ou temporaire… ?”
—Non, Seigneur.
—M’as-tu jamais dit, toi : “Je vivrai la vie sainte auprès du Seigneur et le Seigneur m’expliquera si le monde est éternel ou temporaire… ?”
—Non, Seigneur.
—Donc, Mâlunkyâputta, je ne t’ai pas dit : “ Viens, Mâlunkyâputta, vis la vie sainte auprès de moi et je t’expliquerai si le monde est éternel ou temporaire…” et tu ne m’as pas davantage dit : “Je vivrai la vie sainte auprès du Seigneur et le Seigneur m’expliquera si le monde est éternel ou temporaire…” Ceci étant, qui es-tu, homme d’illusions, pour rejeter qui ?
Si quelqu’un disait qu’il ne vivra pas la vie sainte auprès du Seigneur tant que celui-ci ne lui aura pas expliqué si le monde est éternel ou temporaire…, il pourrait finir sa vie avant que le Tathâgata ne le lui explique.
« Prenons l’exemple, Mâlunkyâputta, d’un homme blessé par une flèche puissamment empoisonnée. Ses amis, relations, connaissances et parents lui trouvent un chirurgien, mais il dit : “Je ne retirerai pas cette flèche avant de savoir si l’homme qui m’a blessé est un noble, un brahmane, un artisan ou un serviteur ”.
Il dit aussi : “Je ne retirerai pas cette flèche avant de connaître le nom et le clan de l’homme qui m’a blessé”.
Et : “ Je ne retirerai pas cette flèche avant de savoir si l’homme qui m’a blessé a la peau noire, brune ou dorée”.
Et encore : “Je ne retirerai pas cette flèche avant de savoir dans quel hameau, village ou ville se trouve l’homme qui m’a blessé”.
Et aussi : “Je ne retirerai pas cette flèche avant de savoir de quel type est l’arc qui m’a blessé”.
Et encore : “Je ne retirerai pas cette flèche avant de savoir si la corde de l’arc qui m’a blessé est faite d’, de roseau, de tendon, de chanvre ou de plante aux feuilles laiteuses”.
Et aussi : “Je ne retirerai pas cette flèche avant de savoir si la tige de la flèche qui m’a blessé est faite de roseau sauvage ou de roseau cultivé”.
Et encore : “Je ne retirerai pas cette flèche avant de savoir si l’empenne de la flèche qui m’a blessé est en plumes de vautour, de héron, de faucon, de paon ou de mâchoire-pendante”.
Et aussi : “Je ne retirerai pas cette flèche avant de savoir si la flèche qui m’a blessé est cerclée de tendons de vache, de buffle, de daim ou de singe”.
Et enfin : “Je ne retirerai pas cette flèche avant de savoir si la flèche qui m’a blessé est une flèche simple ou un trait plus perfectionné”.
Un tel homme va finir sa vie dans l’ignorance.
De même, si quelqu’un disait qu’il ne vivra pas la vie sainte auprès du Seigneur tant que celui-ci ne lui aura pas expliqué si le monde est éternel ou temporaire…, il pourrait finir sa vie avant que le Tathâgata ne le lui explique.
« Faut-il vivre la vie sainte, Mâlunkyâputta, parce qu’on croit que le monde est éternel ? Non. Faut-il vivre la vie sainte parce qu’on croit que le monde est temporaire ? Pas davantage. Mais que l’on croie que le monde est éternel ou temporaire, il y a la naissance, le vieillissement, la mort, le chagrin, les lamentations, la douleur, l’insatisfaction et le désespoir dont je montre l’anéantissement dans la vie présente.
Faut-il vivre la vie sainte parce qu’on croit que le monde est fini… qu’il est infini… que le principe vital et le corps sont identiques… qu’ils sont distincts… qu’après la mort le Tathâgata existe encore… qu’il n’existe plus… qu’il existe et n’existe pas… ni qu’il existe ni qu’il n’existe pas ? Non, Mâlunkyâputta. Mais que l’on croie ceci ou cela, il y a la naissance, le vieillissement, la mort, le chagrin, les lamentations, la douleur, l’insatisfaction et le désespoir dont je montre l’anéantissement dans la vie présente.
Par conséquent, Mâlunkyaputta, tiens pour inexpliqué ce que je n’ai pas expliqué, et pour expliqué ce que j’ai expliqué.
Que n’ai-je pas expliqué ? Je n’ai pas expliqué si le monde est éternel ou temporaire… Pourquoi ne l’ai-je pas expliqué ? Parce que ce n’est pas utile pour atteindre le but, que ce n’est pas le départ de la vie sainte, que cela ne mène pas au désenchantement, au détachement, à la cessation, à l’apaisement, à la connaissance directe, à la pleine réalisation ni au Dénouement. Voilà pourquoi je ne l’ai pas expliqué.
Et qu’ai-je expliqué ? J’ai expliqué “ceci est le malheur”, “ceci est la source du malheur”, “ceci est la cessation du malheur” et “ceci est le chemin qui mène à la cessation du malheur”. Pourquoi l’ai-je expliqué ? Parce que c’est utile pour atteindre le but, que c’est le départ de la vie sainte, que cela mène au désenchantement, au détachement, à la cessation, à l’apaisement, à la connaissance directe, à la pleine réalisation et au Dénouement. Voilà pourquoi je l’ai expliqué. »
Ainsi parla le Seigneur.
Le vénérable Mâlunkyâputta fut satisfait des paroles du Seigneur et il s’en réjouit.
Source: https://www.buddha-vacana.org/fr/christian/mn063.html